Guideline: fortification of wheat flour with vitamins and minerals as a public health strategy

This guideline provides locally adaptable, clear, evidence-informed global recommendations on the fortification of wheat flour with vitamins and minerals as a public health strategy to improve the micronutrient status of populations, which are grounded in gender, equity and human rights approaches with the aim of leaving no one behind. The focus of this document is on the use of this intervention as a public health strategy and not on market-driven fortification of wheat flour or products. This guideline aims to help Member States and their partners to make informed decisions on the appropriate nutrition actions to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the global targets set in the World Health Organization (WHO) comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. The recommendations in this guideline are intended for a wide audience, including policymakers, expert advisers, and technical and programme staff in ministries and organizations involved in the design, implementation and scaling-up of nutrition actions for public health. The recommendations are particularly relevant to the design and implementation of appropriate food-fortification programmes, as part of a comprehensive food-based strategy for combating micronutrient inadequacies and deficiencies. These recommendations supersede the previous WHO recommendation on the fortification of wheat flour.

Availability and affordability of priority life-saving medicines for under-five children in health facilities of Tigray region, northern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: In developing countries, child health outcomes are influenced by the non-availability of priority life-saving medicines at public sector health facilities and non-affordability of medicines at private medicine outlets. This study aimed to assess availability, price components and affordability of priority life-saving medicines for under-five children in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tigray region from December 2015 to July 2016 using a standard method developed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International (WHO/HAI). Data on the availability and price of 27 priority life-saving medicines were collected from 31 public and 10 private sectors. Availability and prices were expressed in percent and median price ratios (MPRs), respectively. Affordability was reported in terms of the daily wage of the lowest-paid unskilled government worker. RESULTS: The overall availability of priority life-saving drugs in this study was low (34.1%). The average availabilities of all surveyed medicines in public and private sectors were 41.9 and 31.5%, respectively. The overall availability of medicines for malaria was found to be poor with average values of 29.3% for artemisinin combination therapy tablet, 19.5% for artesunate injection and 0% for rectal artesunate. Whereas, the availability of oral rehydration salt (ORS) and zinc sulphate dispersible tablets for the treatment of diarrhea was moderately high (90% for ORS and 82% for zinc sulphate). Medicines for pneumonia showed an overall percent availability in the range of 0% (ampicillin 250 mg and 1 g powder for injection and oxygen medicinal gas) to 100% (amoxicillin 500 mg capsule). The MPRs of 12 lowest price generic medicines were 1.5 and 2.7 times higher than the international reference prices (IRPs) for the private and public sectors, respectively. About 30% of priority life-saving medicines in the public sector and 50% of them in the private sector demanded above a single daily wages to purchase the standard treatment of the prevalent diseases of children. CONCLUSIONS: The lower availability, high price and low affordability of lowest price generic priority life-saving medicines in public and private sectors reflect a failure to implement the health policy on priority life-saving medicines in the region.

Iron salts and vitamins: use, purchase and sources of obtainment among children in Brazil.

To verify the prevalence of use, purchase and sources of iron salts and vitamins by children aged from 0 to 12 years in Brazil. Population-based transversal study (Brazilian National Survey on Access, Utilization, and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - PNAUM), including 7,528 children up to 12 years of age. Information was obtained through questionnaires answered by the children's tutors, about the use of iron salts and vitamins 15 days before the interview; forms of financing, and sources of obtainment, sociodemographic characteristics, and presence of chronic disease. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed and the main variables were expressed by relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The prevalence of use of iron salts was 1.6% (95%CI: 1.2-2.1), with higher prevalence among children under 1 year old (8.5%; 95%CI: 6.3-11.5) and residents of the southeastern region (2.3%; 95%CI: 1.5-3.4). Prevalence of use of vitamins was 4.8% (95%CI: 4.2-5.6), with higher prevalence among children under 1 year old (24.3%; 95%CI: 20.3-28.7) and residents of the northern region (8.6%; 95%CI: 6.2-11.7). Purchase occurred by direct reimbursement for 41.6% (95%CI: 27.9-56.7) of the iron salts, and for 82.4% (95%CI: 76.3-87.2) of the vitamins. The iron salts were predominantly obtained from SUS pharmacies (51.5%; 95%CI: 36.4-66.4), and the vitamins from commercial pharmacies (80.6%; 95%CI: 77.4-85.6). The results suggested the use of iron salts in the Brazilian pediatric population was low, with reduction in use as age increased, regional differences and free-of-charge obtainment, predominantly from SUS.

Iron salts and vitamins: use, purchase and sources of obtainment among children in Brazil / Sais de ferro e vitaminas: uso, aquisição e fontes de obtenção para crianças brasileiras / Sales de hierro y vitaminas: uso, adquisición y fuentes de obtención entre niños en Brasil

To verify the prevalence of use, purchase and sources of iron salts and vitamins by children aged from 0 to 12 years in Brazil. Population-based transversal study (Brazilian National Survey on Access, Utilization, and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - PNAUM), including 7,528 children up to 12 years of age. Information was obtained through questionnaires answered by the children's tutors, about the use of iron salts and vitamins 15 days before the interview; forms of financing, and sources of obtainment, sociodemographic characteristics, and presence of chronic disease. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed and the main variables were expressed by relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The prevalence of use of iron salts was 1.6% (95%CI: 1.2-2.1), with higher prevalence among children under 1 year old (8.5%; 95%CI: 6.3-11.5) and residents of the southeastern region (2.3%; 95%CI: 1.5-3.4). Prevalence of use of vitamins was 4.8% (95%CI: 4.2-5.6), with higher prevalence among children under 1 year old (24.3%; 95%CI: 20.3-28.7) and residents of the northern region (8.6%; 95%CI: 6.2-11.7). Purchase occurred by direct reimbursement for 41.6% (95%CI: 27.9-56.7) of the iron salts, and for 82.4% (95%CI: 76.3-87.2) of the vitamins. The iron salts were predominantly obtained from SUS pharmacies (51.5%; 95%CI: 36.4-66.4), and the vitamins from commercial pharmacies (80.6%; 95%CI: 77.4-85.6). The results suggested the use of iron salts in the Brazilian pediatric population was low, with reduction in use as age increased, regional differences and free-of-charge obtainment, predominantly from SUS.

O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência do uso, aquisição e fontes de saís de ferro e vitaminas para crianças entre 0 e 12 anos de idade no Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional (Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - PNAUM), incluindo 7.528 crianças até 12 anos de idade. As informações foram obtidas através de questionários respondidos pelos pais ou responsáveis, sobre o uso de sais de ferro e vitaminas nos 15 dias anteriores à entrevista; formas de financiamento e fontes de aquisição, características sociodemográficas e presença de doenças crônicas. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e bivariadas, e as principais variáveis foram expressas como frequências relativas com intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A prevalência do uso de sais de ferros foi 1,6% (IC95%: 1,2-2,1), com prevalência maior entre crianças com menos de 1 ano de idade (8,5%; IC95%: 6,3-11,5) e residentes da Região Sudeste (2,3%; IC95%: 1,5-3,4). A prevalência do uso de vitaminas foi 4,8% (IC95%: 4,2-5,6), com prevalência maior entre crianças com menos de 1 ano (24,3%;IC95%: 20,3-28,7) e residentes da Região Norte (8,6%; IC95%: 6,2-11,7). A aquisição ocorreu por reembolso direto em 41,6% (IC95%: 27,9-56,7) dos sais de ferro e em 82,4% (IC95%: 76,3-87,2) das vitaminas. Os sais de ferro foram adquiridos predominantemente através das farmácias do SUS (51,5%; IC95%: 36,4-66,4), e as vitaminas em farmácias comerciais (80,6%; IC95%: 77,4-85,6). Os resultados sugerem que o uso de sais de ferro na população pediátrica brasileira é por baixo, com uma redução no uso conforme aumenta a idade da criança, além de diferenças regionais e aquisição gratuita, predominantemente do SUS.

Este trabajo tiene el fin de verificar la prevalencia de uso, adquisición y fuentes de sales de hierro y vitaminas por parte de niños desde 0 a 12 años de edad en Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal, basado en población (Encuesta Nacional sobre el Acceso, Uso y Promoción de Uso Racional de Medicinas - PNAUM por sus siglas en portugués), que incluye a 7.528 niños de hasta 12 años de edad. La información se obtuvo a través de cuestionarios respondidos por los tutores de los niños, sobre el uso de sales de hierro y vitaminas 15 días antes de la entrevista; formas de financiación, y fuentes de adquisición, características sociodemográficas, y presencia de alguna enfermedad crónica. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y bivariados, además las variables principales se plasmaron mediante frecuencias relativas e intervalos del 95% de confianza (IC95%). La prevalencia del uso de sales de hierro fue de un 1,6% (IC95%: 1,2-2,1), con una prevalencia más alta entre niños por debajo de un 1 año de edad (8,5%; IC95%: 6,3-11,5) y residentes de la Región sudeste (2,3%; IC95%: 1,5-3,4). La prevalencia del uso de vitaminas fue de un 4,8% (IC95%: 4,2-5,6), con una prevalencia más alta con niños menores de 1 año de edad (24,3%; IC95%: 20,3-28,7) y residentes de la Región nordeste (8,6%; IC95%: 6,2-11,7). La adquisición tuvo lugar por reembolso directo en un 41,6% (IC95%: 27,9-56,7) de sales de hierro, y por un 82,4% (IC95%: 76,3-87,2) de las vitaminas. Las sales de hierro se obtuvieron predominantemente en farmacias del SUS (51,5%; IC95%: 36,4-66,4), y las vitaminas en farmacias comerciales (80,6%; IC95%: 77,4-85,6). Los resultados sugirieron el consumo de las sales de hierro en la población pediátrica brasileña fue por bajo, con una reducción en su consumo a medida que la edad aumentaba, además de diferencias regionales, y su obtención gratuita, predominantemente del SUS.

Trends in Vitamin A, C, D, E, K Supplement Prescriptions From Military Treatment Facilities: 2007 to 2011.

INTRODUCTION: Although prior studies have examined the prevalence of dietary supplement use among various populations, data on single vitamins prescribed by health care providers are limited. OBJECTIVE: This study examined trends in single-vitamin supplement (A, C, D, E, K) prescriptions by providers from military treatment facilities from 2007 to 2011. METHODS: We examined prescription data from the Department of Defense Pharmacy Data Transaction Service to determine trends in the aforementioned single-vitamin supplement prescriptions. Prescription rates per 1,000 active duty personnel were estimated using population data retrieved from the Defense Medical Epidemiology Database (i.e., [number of prescriptions/population size] × 1,000). RESULTS: Across the 5-year period, the number of vitamin D prescriptions per 1,000 active duty personnel increased 454%. In contrast, the number of vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin K prescriptions per 1,000 active duty personnel decreased by 32%, 53%, and 29% respectively. Vitamin C prescriptions remained relatively constant. Across all age groups, total single-vitamin supplement prescriptions increased by 180%. CONCLUSION: Together, prescriptions examined in this study increased steadily from 2007 to 2011, primarily because of the increase in vitamin D prescriptions. The exhibited trend reflects the current general-population pattern of dietary supplement use, with large increases in vitamin D and declines in vitamin E.

Health care use amongst online buyers of medications and vitamins.

BACKGROUND: With increased use of the internet, more people access medications and health supplements online. However little is known about factors associated with using online buying. Given the variable quality of online pharmacies, an important question is whether online consumers also have health care providers with whom they discuss internet information and decisions. OBJECTIVES: To help address these gaps this study used the Andersen Model to explore (1) the characteristics of internet buyers of medicines and/vitamins, (2) the association between health care use and buying medicines and/vitamins online drawing on the Andersen health care utilization framework, and (3) factors predicting discussion of internet information with health providers. METHODS: The National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2007 was analyzed to study online medication buying among a national sample of internet users (N = 5074). The Andersen Model of health care utilization guided the study's variable selection and analyses. Buying online and talking about online information are the two main outcome variables. Separate multivariate logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with online buying and factors predicting discussions with providers about online information. RESULTS: In 2007, 14.5% (n = 871) of internet users bought a medication or vitamin online. About 85% of online buyers had a regular provider, but only 39% talked to the provider about online information even though most (93.7%) visited the provider ≥1 times/year. Multivariate analyses found internet health product consumers were more likely to be over 50 years old, have insurance and discuss the internet with their provider than non-internet health product consumers. Moreover, discussion of internet information was more likely if consumers had a regular provider and perceived their communication to be at least fair or good in general. CONCLUSIONS: There is a clear association of online buying with age, frequency of visits and discussing online information with a provider. Although most online buyers visited a provider in the prior year, only a minority discussed the internet with them. This suggests a missed opportunity for providers to help patients navigate internet buying, particularly if they are a patient's regular provider and the patient perceives their communication as good.

Appraising nutrient availability of household food supplies using Block Dietary Screeners for individuals.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The growing interest in environmental influences on obesity risk has spawned the development of tools for appraising home food availability. These tools reveal good reliability but tend to be limited in scope and burdensome to use. This cross-sectional study investigated the feasibility of using food categories and scoring algorithms from valid food frequency questionnaires for individuals (that is, Block Dietary Fat and Fruit-Vegetable-Fiber Screeners) to estimate nutrient availability in household food supplies. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Screeners were compared with household food inventories from 100 two-parent families with ⩾1 children ⩽12 years of age. Inventoried foods were coded to match Screener food groups, and amounts available were converted to total adult daily equivalent servings to express the greatest possible frequency at which each food group could be eaten/day/household. Scoring algorithms were converted to express all scores on a per-day basis. For the most conservative assessment, the highest point was used for day ranges for the Fruit-Vegetable-Fiber Screener and the lowest range point was used for the Fat Screener. RESULTS: Spearman's rank-order correlations (r⩾0.76) showed that the Fruit-Vegetable-Fiber Screener ranked households well for fruit/vegetable servings, vitamin C and dietary fiber. The Fat Screener and household inventory were positively correlated (r⩾0.58) for total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol. Concordance of household inventories and the Fruit-Vegetable-Fiber Screener, as determined by kappa with quadratic weighting, were strong and significant. Fat Screener concordance was moderate. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that it is feasible to use the efficient, valid Block Dietary Screeners for individuals to appraise household food supplies.

The HIV basic care package: where is it available and who receives it? Findings from a mixed methods evaluation in Kenya and Uganda.

An evidence-based basic care package (BCP) of seven interventions (Family testing, Cotrimoxazole, Condoms, Multivitamins, Access to safe water treatment, Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and Insecticide-treated bednet) has been advocated to prevent infections among people with HIV in low-income settings. We examined the availability and receipt of the BCP in HIV outpatient clinics in Kenya and Uganda. A survey of 120 PEPFAR-funded facilities determined the services offered. At each of the 12 largest facilities, a longitudinal cohort of 100 patients was recruited to examine care received and health status over three months. The full BCP was offered in 14% (n = 17/120) of facilities; interventions most commonly offered were Support for family testing (87%) and Condoms (87%), and least commonly IPT (38%). Patients (n = 1335) most commonly reported receiving Cotrimoxazole (57%) and Multivitamins (36%), and least commonly IPT (4%), directly from the facility attended. The BCP (excluding Isoniazid) was received by 3% of patients directly from the facility and 24% from any location. BCP receipt was associated with using antiretroviral therapy (ART; OR 1.1 (95% CI 1.0-1.1), receipt from any location) but not with patient gender, wealth, education level or health. The BCP should be offered at more HIV care facilities, especially Isoniazid, and to more people irrespective of ART use. Coordinating local BCP suppliers could help improve availability through addressing logistical challenges or reducing costs.

Drug shortages as an impetus to improve parenteral nutrition practices.

PURPOSE: A medical center's implementation of adult and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) algorithms and other strategies for managing PN ingredient shortages are described. SUMMARY: In response to nationwide shortages of amino acids and other PN ingredients in 2010, a large Massachusetts teaching hospital undertook a quality-improvement initiative to ensure appropriate patient selection for PN therapy. A clinical pharmacist was designated as a nutrition support leader with responsibility for the management of PN practices. Clinical pharmacists collaborated with clinical dietitians to establish PN eligibility criteria based on established practice guidelines and developed evidence-based adult and pediatric nutrition support algorithms. In addition, (1) physicians were required to obtain a nutrition service consultation before initial prescribing of PN therapy, (2) the initial ordering of PN therapy through the computerized prescriber-order-entry (CPOE) system was restricted to clinical dietitians and clinical pharmacists, (3) the use of premixed PN solutions at the discretion of dietitians was increased, and (4) the practice of adding i.v. multivitamins and trace elements to PN solutions was restricted. During the first year after implementation of the PN algorithms, CPOE restrictions, and other process changes, PN orders were reduced by an average of five orders per day relative to the preceding 11-month period, helping to ensure continued patient access to PN therapy. CONCLUSION: PN ingredient shortages prompted changes in the decision-making process for the prescription of PN. Guidelines for ordering PN were successfully implemented and allowed for the appropriate selection of qualified patients and the management of PN ingredient shortages.

A nutritional analysis of New Zealand military food rations at Gallipoli in 1915: likely contribution to scurvy and other nutrient deficiency disorders.

BACKGROUND: Amongst New Zealand soldiers in Gallipoli in 1915 there were reports of poor food quality and cases of scurvy. But no modern analysis of the military food rations has ever been conducted to better understand potential nutritional problems in this group. METHODS: We analysed the foods in the military rations for 1915 using food composition data on the closest equivalents for modern foods. We compared these results with other plausible diets and various optimised ones using linear programming. RESULTS: Historical accounts provide evidence for poor food quality supplied to these soldiers. The nutrient analysis suggested that the military rations were below modern requirements for vitamins A, C and E; potassium; selenium; and dietary fibre. If military planners had used modest amounts of the canned vegetables and fruit available in 1915, this would probably have eliminated four of these six deficits. The results from the uncertainty analyses for vitamin C (e.g., 95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 5.5 to 6.7 mg per day), was compatible with the range known to cause scurvy, but the UI for vitamin A intake was only partly in the range for causing night blindness. To indicate the gap with the ideal, an optimised diet (using foods available in 1915), could have achieved all nutrient requirements for under half the estimated purchase cost of the 1915 military rations. CONCLUSIONS: There is now both historical and analytic evidence that the military rations provided to these soldiers were nutritionally inadequate in vitamin C, and probably other nutrients such as vitamin A. These deficits are likely to have caused cases of scurvy and may have contributed to the high rates of other illnesses experienced at Gallipoli. Such problems could have been readily prevented by providing rations that included some canned fruit or vegetables (e.g., as manufactured by New Zealand at the time).

A qualitative study of uptake of free vitamins in England.

OBJECTIVE: To identify reasons why eligible families are not accessing free 'Healthy Start' vitamin supplementation (providing vitamins A, C and D) in England. DESIGN: Qualitative study using in-depth interviews. SETTING: 13 primary care trusts in England. PARTICIPANTS: Purposive sample of 15 Healthy Start coordinators, 50 frontline health and children's professionals and 107 parents. RESULTS: Vitamin take-up was low across all research sites, reported as below 10% of eligible beneficiaries for free vitamins. Reasons identified by both parents and professionals included (1) poor accessibility of vitamins, (2) low promotion of the scheme by health professionals, (3) a lack of awareness among eligible families, and (4) low motivation among mothers to take vitamins for themselves during pregnancy or for children under 4 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Low uptake rates can be explained by poor accessibility of vitamins and lack of awareness and motivation to take vitamin supplements among eligible families. Universal provision (at least for pregnant women) and better training for health professionals are identified as potential solutions worthy of further research and evaluation.

Does lack of multinutrient supplementation during early pregnancy increase vulnerability to alcohol-related preterm or small-for-gestational-age births?

The objective of this study was to assess whether women who do not take multinutrient supplements during early pregnancy are more susceptible to the effects of low-to-moderate alcohol consumption on preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age birth (SGA) compared to women who do take multinutrients. This analysis included 800 singleton live births to mothers from a cohort of pregnant women recruited for a population-based cohort study conducted in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program in Northern California. Participants were recruited in their first trimester of pregnancy and information about their alcohol use and supplement intake during pregnancy was collected. Preterm birth (n=53, 7%) was defined as a delivery prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation and SGA birth (n=124, 16%) was defined as birth weight less than the 10th percentile for the infant's gestational age and sex compared to US singleton live births. A twofold increase in the odds of SGA birth attributed to low-to-moderate alcohol intake was found among multinutrient supplement non-users (95% CI: 1.1, 5.3). Yet, among multinutrient supplement users, there was no increased risk of an SGA birth for women who drank low-to-moderately compared to women who abstained (aOR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.6, 1.6). Similar results emerged for preterm birth. Our findings provide marginal evidence that multinutrient supplementation during early pregnancy may modify the risk of SGA births and preterm birth associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy and may have important implications for pregnant women and women of child-bearing age. However, future research needs to be conducted.

[Impact of environmental pollution with variable valence metals on the pediatric population's provision with vitamins in an agroindustrial region].

The urinary and serum levels of vitamins B1, B2, B3, A, E, and C were analyzed in 300 children aged 2 to 7 years, who lived in the Orenburg Regions areas having a varying oxidative load. The most severe deficiency of vitamins was observed in the children residing in the regional area characterized by the highest oxidative load.

An audit of health products advertised for sale on chiropractic Web sites in Canada and consideration of these practices in the context of Canadian chiropractic codes of ethics and conduct.

OBJECTIVE: This study describes the extent to which chiropractors with Web sites practicing in Canada advertise health products for sale and considers this practice in the context of chiropractic codes of ethics and conduct. METHODS: Chiropractic Web sites in Canada were identified using a public online business directory (Canada 411). The Web sites were searched, and an inventory of the health products for sale was taken. The influences of type of practice and province of practice on the sale of health product were assessed. Textual comments about health product marketing were summarized. National and provincial codes of ethics were reviewed, and the content on health product advertising was summarized. RESULTS: Two hundred eighty-seven Web sites were reviewed. Just more than half of the Web sites contained information on health products for sale (n = 158, 54%). Orthotics were advertised most often (n = 136 practices, 47%), followed by vitamins/nutritional supplements (n = 53, 18%), pillows and supports (n = 40, 14%), and exercise/rehabilitation products (n = 20, 7%). Chiropractors in solo or group chiropractic practices were less likely to advertise health products than those in multidisciplinary practice (P < .001), whereas chiropractors in BC were less likely to advertise nutritional supplements (P < .01). Provincial codes of ethics and conduct varied in their guidelines regarding health product sales. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in codes of ethics and in the proportions of practitioners advertising health products for sales across the country suggest that opinions may be divided on the acceptability of health product sales. Such practices raise questions and considerations for the chiropractic profession.